St. Catherine of Alexandria (287–305) is among the most venerated Christian martyrs. Scholars debate the historical authenticity of St. Catherine’s life. Some suggest that her story may be based on Hypatia of Alexandria, a pagan philosopher murdered by Christian extremists in 415 CE.

According to hagiographic tradition, she was born into a royal family in Alexandria around 287 CE. From an early age, Catherine exhibited exceptional intellectual abilities, studying philosophy, medicine, and rhetoric. Renowned for her extraordinary beauty, her spiritual transformation began with a dream in which the Virgin Mary, holding the Christ Child, invited her into divine service. Christ, however, initially rejected her as “not sufficiently beautiful.” Awaking from the vision, Catherine sought baptism from a Syrian monk. Subsequently, in another dream, Christ presented her with a ring, symbolizing her spiritual betrothal to Him.

During Emperor Maximinus II’s persecution of Christians, Catherine confronted him, denouncing pagan practices and urging conversion to Christianity. She engaged in a theological debate with numerous philosophers summoned by the emperor, outmatching them with her eloquence and wisdom, leading many to convert.

Maximinus subjected Catherine to brutal torture, including threats of execution by a spiked wheel. However, legend holds that an angel destroyed the device. While imprisoned, Catherine converted the emperor’s wife, a military commander, and 200 servants, all of whom were later executed. Catherine herself was beheaded, and, according to tradition, milk flowed from her wounds instead of blood. Angels are said to have transported her body to Mount Sinai, where a monastery was later built.

Iconography

St. Catherine’s iconography reflects influences from both Eastern and Western traditions. She is often depicted as a young, beautiful woman in opulent garments appropriate to her historical period. A crown, symbolizing her royal lineage and martyrdom, frequently adorns her head. Typical attributes include a cross, a palm branch, a sword (representing her martyrdom), and a wheel, often spiked or broken. Books, scrolls, and a ring (signifying her mystical marriage to Christ) also appear.

In Ukrainian iconography, St. Catherine’s representations are less numerous compared to those of Sts. Paraskeva and Barbara. Her images gained prominence during the late 17th and early 19th centuries, reflecting Western European artistic influences.